Pharmaceutical manufacturing using industrial fermentation techniques is becoming increasingly prevalent. This article discusses the role of fermentation in the pharmaceutical industry. Image Credit: Gorodenkoff/Shutterstock.com Introduction to Fermentation in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Fermentation is a method in which microorganisms or mammalian cells produce a variety of biomaterials, drugs, and metabolites in a regulated culture environment.1 Fermentation adheres to good manufacturing practices (GMP) guidelines for high-quality biopharmaceutical drugs. It involves both downstream and upstream processes.2 It can begin with either genetically engineered or untreated cells such as fungi, bacteria, mammals, or plants. Typically, large-scale fermentation activities are carried out in single-use or stainless steel bioreactors.2 The Process of Fermentation and Its Importance The fermentation process usually employs bacteria, fungi, or yeast to generate a specific therapeutic comp
Quanta Services' 550-mile transmission line under construction in Arizona faces pushback from tribes, others over claimed threats to historic and cultural sites in San Pedro River Valley. 
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